Earth--Day and Night Regions

Earth--Day and Night Regions

Planetary Positions

Wednesday, September 22, 2010

The Autumnal Equinox

From Yahoo:


http://whoknew.news.yahoo.com/?vid=22016149

Tuesday, September 21, 2010

Rare Sky Show: Jupiter and uranus Align With Harvest Moon

From Space.com:

Rare Sky Show: Two Planets Align with Harvest Moon


By Geoff Gaherty

Starry Night Education

posted: 21 September 2010

07:41 am ET



Check out the eastern sky just after sunset tomorrow (Sept. 22), and you'll catch a skywatching treat. The nearly full moon will be rising just above the bright planet Jupiter and a somewhat dimmer Uranus.



You'll need binoculars if you hope to spot Uranus — it appears as a tiny bluish speck, too dim for the naked eye. So the coming celestial lineup is an excellent time to find that planet with binoculars or a small telescope, using Jupiter as a helpful guidepost.



This sky map shows where to spot the moon, Jupiter and Uranus this week.



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Several astronomical events happen in rapid succession this week, offering a celestial show for observers graced with clear skies. The times indicated here are for eastern North America and may vary a little if you’re elsewhere in the world:



Today (Sept. 21) at 8 p.m. EDT (1200 GMT), Jupiter is in opposition. This means that Jupiter will be exactly opposite the sun in Earth’s sky. This also means that Jupiter will be visible the entire night. (Yesterday — Sept. 20 — Jupiter made its closest approach to Earth in nearly 50 years.)

Five hours later, at 1 a.m. tomorrow (Sept. 22), Uranus will be in opposition, taking its turn opposite the sun in the sky.

Later tomorrow at 3 p.m., Jupiter and Uranus will be in conjunction, less than 1 degree apart in the sky. They won’t be visible right then in North America because they will be below the horizon, but they will still be close together when they rise just after sunset. You will be able to see both planets at the same time in the field of a small telescope at low magnification.

The show continues tomorrow night at 11:09 p.m. EDT (0309 GMT Thursday, Sept. 23), when the sun crosses the celestial equator — a projection of Earth's equator on the sky — and enters the southern hemisphere. This is known as the equinox, meaning "equal nights." Daytime and nighttime are of equal length, about 12 hours, everywhere on Earth. (Of course, the sun won’t be visible at this time in North America, being on the other side of the planet.)

Finally, at 5:17 a.m. EDT (0917 GMT) Thursday, the full moon of September will occur, since the moon will be exactly opposite the sun in the sky. This is a special full moon: It is the full moon closest to the equinox, known as the harvest moon. [Amazing Full Moon Photos]

So we have two planets and the moon directly opposite the sun within a two-day period. This means that all three will be grouped closely together in the sky.



When to see them



The best night to observe the moon, Jupiter and Uranus will be tomorrow, weather permitting.



The nearly full moon will rise around sunset, with Jupiter shining brightly beneath it. Uranus will be just slightly too faint to be seen with the naked eye, but will be easy to catch in binoculars or a small telescope.



This apparent close grouping of moon, Jupiter, and Uranus is actually a trick of perspective; the three objects aren’t anywhere near each other.



The moon is very close to Earth, about 251,000 miles (404,000 km or 0.003 astronomical units) away. One astronomical unit, or AU, is the distance between the Earth and sun, about 93 million miles (150 million km).



Jupiter is nearly1,500 times farther from Earth than the moon, placing it about 3.95 AU away. Uranus is nearly five times farther away than Jupiter, about 19.1 astronomical units from Earth.



One way to visualize the relative distances is to imagine that the Earth is at one end of a 100-yard football field and Uranus is at the other end.



On this scale, Jupiter would be on the 20-yard line, and the moon would be about half an inch from the end zone. In the "overhead" view of the planetary alignment, the innermost circle is Earth’s orbit; the moon’s orbit is too small even to be visible.



This explains why our tiny moon appears so large in the sky while the giant planets Jupiter and Uranus are mere pinpricks of light. The moon is just tons closer. Pure and simple.

Wednesday, September 15, 2010

Elusive Mercury Observable This Week At Dawn

From Space.com:

Elusive Mercury Visible at Dawn This Week


By Geoff Gaherty

Starry Night Education

posted: 15 September 2010

07:58 am ET



Even though the planet Mercury is one of the brightest objects in the sky, it is one of the most rarely seen. But this week is one of the few occasions when the small planet is well-placed for skywatchers.



Although Mercury is always brighter than Saturn at its brightest, very few stargazers have ever seen it. As the innermost planet in the solar system, it never strays far from the sun, so is always seen against a bright background of twilight.



Twice each year, once in the evening and once in the morning, Mercury stands highest in the sky, giving skywatchers the best opportunity to spot it, weather permitting. This week is its best morning appearance of the whole year.



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Rise and shine Mercury



To try and see Mercury, skywatchers should go out any morning this week about a half hour before sunrise. You will need a low cloudless sky and unobstructed view of the eastern horizon.



Look just above where the sun will rise and you should spot tiny Mercury about 10 degrees above the horizon. A human fist held at arm's length covers about 10 degrees of the sky.



You may have to sweep with binoculars to see Mercury at first, but once spotted it should be visible to the unaided eye.



In a small telescope, you will see Mercury as a tiny half moon. It will probably look as if it's submersed in boiling water because of the turbulence of the Earth's atmosphere.



If you track Mercury with your telescope as it rises in the sky, the view should become steadier. Mercury will continue to be visible in your telescope after the sun rises, as it is bright enough to be visible through the blue sky, so long as you know exactly where it is.



Mercury: A strange planet



Mercury is one of the strangest worlds in the solar system. [10 Mysteries of Mercury]



It is the smallest planet, now that Pluto has been reclassified as a dwarf planet, at 3,032 miles (4,879 km) in diameter, only slightly larger than our moon. It has an odd, slow rotation period, 58.6 days, exactly two-thirds the time it takes to complete an orbit around the sun.



The surface of Mercury, as imaged by the two space probes that have visited it, looks very much like that of our moon, though with more craters and fewer open plains. It also experiences the greatest temperature extremes of any planet, ranging from 800 degrees Fahrenheit (426 degrees Celsius) to minus 280 degrees F (minus 173 degrees C) between day and night.



Legend has it that Johannes Kepler, who discovered the laws of planetary motion, never saw Mercury with his own eyes. This week is your chance to see the planet that Kepler missed—worth getting up early to see.

Monday, September 13, 2010

14 Large Space Rocks Discovered Beyond Neptune

From Space.com:

14 Big Space Rocks Discovered Beyond Neptune


By SPACE.com Staff



posted: 13 September 2010

03:01 pm ET



Astronomers have discovered a cache of 14 large space rocks beyond the orbit of Neptune while sifting through archival observations from the Hubble Space Telescope.



Icy rocks like the newfound objects are known as trans-Neptunian objects because they typically reside outside Neptune's orbit. These objects include the former planet Pluto, now classified as a dwarf planet, as well as comets like the famed Halley's comet.



The newfound objects range from 25 to 60 miles across (40 to 100 kilometers), said the researchers.



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www.TheGodMovie.comMost trans-Neptunian objects are faint and hard to spot. To find the new group, researchers searched through Hubble photos for the telltale streaks of light that images of these rocks leave as they move through space during time-lapse exposures. After its initial success, this method could reveal hundreds more trans-Neptunian objects over time, hopeful scientists say.



"Trans-Neptunian objects interest us because they are building blocks left over from the formation of the solar system," said study leader Cesar Fuentes of Northern Arizona University.



These objects are similar to asteroids but lie farther from Earth. Asteroids generally orbit in the inner solar system, out to the orbit of Jupiter.



By measuring the trans-Neptunian objects' motion across the sky, the astronomers were able to calculate each object's orbit and distance from the sun. The researchers were able to estimate the size of each object by combining observations on their distance, brightness and reflectivity,



This initial study examined only one-third of a square degree of the sky, meaning that there is much more area to survey, researchers said. Fuentes, who formerly was with the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, said he and his colleagues intend to continue their search for trans-Neptunian Objects.



"We have proven our ability to detect and characterize TNOs even with data intended for completely different purposes," Fuentes said.



The findings will be described in an upcoming issue of the Astrophysical Journal.

Sunday, September 12, 2010

The Sun

from NASA:



Multi-wavelength extreme ultraviolet image, Solar Dynamics Observatory, showing the sun's northern hemisphere in mid-eruption. Different colors in the image represent different gas temperatures. On August 1, 2010, almost the entire Earth-facing side of the sun erupted in activity, including a C3-class solar flare (white area, upper left), a solar tsunami (wave-like structure, upper right), multiple filaments of magnetism lifting off the stellar surface, large-scale shaking of the solar corona, radio bursts, and a coronal mass ejection. Earth's magnetic field is still reverberating from the solar flare impact on August 3, 2010, which caused aurorae as far south as Wisconsin and Iowa in the United States. Analysts believe a second solar flare is following behind the first flare and could re-energize the fading geomagnetic storm and spark a new round of Northern Lights.


/ Source

Saturday, September 4, 2010

New Telescope Takes Best Sunspot Photo Ever

From Space.com:


New Telescope Takes Best Sunspot Photo Ever


By Clara Moskowitz

SPACE.com Senior Writer

posted: 03 September 2010

04:13 pm ET



A new photo of a sunspot on the surface of the sun taken by a telescope in California is the most detailed seen in visible light, scientists say.



The sunspot snapshot was obtained by the New Solar Telescope at the Big Bear Solar Observatory in Big Bear Lake, Calif., operated by the New Jersey Institute of Technology. [New sunspot photo]



Sunspots are temporary dark structures on the surface of the sun caused by intense magnetic activity. They sometimes erupt, sending energetic storms into space that can head our way. By studying sunspots, scientists hope to better understand solar weather and its effects on Earth. A strong solar storm can send powerful charged particles streaming at our planet that can knock out power grids and destroy electronics, both in satellites and on the ground.



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The new sunspot photo is the "first light" target for the observatory's new advanced optics system during a solar photography session on July 1-2. It has a resolution of about 50 miles (80 km) and is the best yet taken by a ground-based telescope, observatory officials said.



Adaptive optics in telescopes is a technique that uses a deformable mirror to compensate for the blurring of images caused when light passes through Earth's atmosphere. The New Solar Telescope has 67 motors that can be moved to bend the mirror to provide clear pictures of the sun.



The observatory is a pathfinder for a proposed larger solar telescope, the Advanced Technology Solar Telescope, which would have 349 motors, observatory officials said.

New Photos Of Saturn's Moon, Dionne

From Space.com:

New Images of Saturn's Moon Dione Released


By SPACE.com Staff



posted: 04 September 2010

12:39 pm ET



New images of Saturn's moon Dione were taken and released today.











The pockmarked moon is seen by NASA's Cassini spacecraft as a partial globe hanging in space, as well as in close-ups that reveal its many craters.

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Dione is an icy ball. It has a radius of 348 miles (560 kilometers) and orbits Saturn every 2.73 days from 234,505 miles (377,400 kilometers) away.





Dione's average surface temperature is minus 303 Fahrenheit (-186 Celsius). It is covered by smooth plains and not too many craters — all a sign of cryovolcanism, or an outpouring of icy liquid from the interior.